The theory of Moscow as the Third Rome is an intriguing concept that emerged during the 16th century. It was a belief that Moscow, the capital of Russia, was destined to become the spiritual and political successor to Rome and Constantinople.
Origins of the Theory
The idea of Moscow as the Third Rome can be traced back to the fall of Constantinople in 1453. At that time, Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire and known as the Second Rome, was conquered by the Ottoman Turks. This event had a profound impact on Orthodox Christianity as it marked the end of the Roman Empire in its eastern form.
After Constantinople’s fall, many Orthodox Christians believed that a new center of power and authority was needed to maintain their faith. This led to the rise of various theories about which city would succeed Rome and Constantinople.
Philosophical Foundations
One of the key figures associated with the theory is Filofei (Philoteus) of Pskov, a Russian monk who lived during this period. He developed a philosophical argument for Moscow’s claim to be the Third Rome.
Filofei argued that just as there had been three ages – Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, and Byzantium – there should also be three Romes. He believed that each age had its own center of power and authority, with each one succeeding and surpassing its predecessor.
According to Filofei:
- The First Rome was ancient Rome itself, which represented ancient pagan civilization.
- The Second Rome was Constantinople, which represented Christian civilization.
- And finally, Moscow would become the Third Rome, representing a new era in Christian history.
Influence and Legacy
The theory of Moscow as the Third Rome had a significant impact on Russian history and culture. It served as a justification for the political aspirations of the Russian rulers, particularly Ivan III and Ivan IV, who sought to establish Moscow as a dominant power.
Throughout history, Moscow has been referred to as the Third Rome in various literary works and documents. This concept reinforced the idea that Russia had a special mission to protect Orthodox Christianity and uphold its values.
In conclusion, the theory of Moscow as the Third Rome was a belief that emerged in response to the fall of Constantinople. It provided a sense of continuity for Orthodox Christians and influenced Russian political and cultural development. While this theory may be seen as an ambitious claim, it undoubtedly played a significant role in shaping Russia’s identity.