Rome, the eternal city, is known for its rich history and magnificent monuments. One of the most iconic features of ancient Roman architecture is the use of columns.
These structural elements not only provided support but also added grandeur to the buildings. Let’s delve into the world of Roman columns and discover what they are called and how they were used.
The Basics: What Are Columns?
In architecture, a column is a vertical pillar-like structure that consists of a base, shaft, and capital. The base serves as the foundation, while the shaft is the elongated central part of the column. The capital sits atop the shaft and serves as a decorative element.
The Three Main Types
Roman architecture predominantly used three types of columns: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Each style has its unique characteristics, giving a distinct look to the structures they adorn.
1. Doric Columns
The Doric order originated in ancient Greece but was widely adopted by Romans in their architecture. These columns are simple yet robust in design. They have no base and feature a plain capital with a circular echinus (cushion-like molding) on top.
- Doric columns are characterized by their fluted shafts – vertical grooves running vertically along the length of the column.
- They often support entablatures – horizontal beams that rest on top of the columns.
- One famous example of Doric columns can be seen at the Pantheon in Rome.
2. Ionic Columns
The Ionic order is known for its gracefulness and elegance. These columns have bases, fluted shafts with more slender proportions than Doric columns, and distinctive volutes (scroll-shaped ornaments) on their capitals.
- The volutes of Ionic columns are usually arranged in a spiral pattern.
- These columns are commonly found in buildings such as the Temple of Saturn and the Temple of Concordia.
- Unlike Doric columns, Ionic columns often support architraves – horizontal lintels that span across the tops of the columns.
3. Corinthian Columns
The Corinthian order is the most ornate and elaborate of the three. These columns feature slender fluted shafts, decorative capitals adorned with intricate acanthus leaves, and bases similar to Ionic columns. The Corinthian order is associated with luxury and grandeur.
- The acanthus leaves on the capitals give Corinthian columns a distinctive appearance.
- Famous structures featuring Corinthian columns include the Temple of Castor and Pollux and the Arch of Septimius Severus.
Beyond the Three Main Types
While Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian are the most well-known column types in Rome, there were other variations used as well:
- Tuscan Columns: A simplified version of Doric columns with a base added for stability. These were commonly used in Roman military architecture.
- Composite Columns: Combining elements from both Ionic and Corinthian orders, these columns feature volutes similar to Ionic order but also have acanthus leaves like Corinthian order. This style was popular during the late Roman Republic and early Roman Empire periods.
In conclusion, Roman architecture showcases a variety of column styles that have stood the test of time. From simple Doric columns to the elaborate Corinthian order, these structural elements continue to awe visitors with their beauty and craftsmanship. So, the next time you explore Rome, keep an eye out for these magnificent columns and appreciate the architectural splendor they represent.