What Did the Romans Call Rome?

By Alice Nichols

What Did the Romans Call Rome?

Rome, the eternal city, has a rich and fascinating history. But have you ever wondered what the Romans themselves called their beloved city? In this article, we will delve into the ancient Roman names for Rome and explore the significance behind each name.

The Founding of Rome

The story of Rome begins with its legendary founding by Romulus in 753 BC. According to myth, Romulus was one of the twin sons of Mars, the Roman god of war. Legend has it that Romulus killed his brother Remus in a fit of rage during a dispute over where to establish their new city.

The original name given to this fledgling settlement was “Roma”. This name is believed to have derived from either “rumon,” an Etruscan word meaning “teat,” or “rōmē,” an archaic Latin word for “river.” The latter explanation is more widely accepted as it aligns with the city’s location on the banks of the Tiber River.

Rome’s Evolution: From Kingdom to Republic

As Rome grew in power and influence, so too did its name undergo changes. During its early years as a kingdom, it was known as “Roma”.

However, when Rome transitioned from a monarchy to a republic in 509 BC, its name evolved into “Res Publica Romana”, meaning “Roman Republic. “

  • Res – Thing
  • Publica – Public
  • Romana – Roman

This new name reflected not only a change in governance but also emphasized the importance of public participation and collective decision-making. The Roman Republic was known for its elected officials and the Senate, which played a crucial role in the city’s governance.

The Roman Empire: Capital of the World

With the rise of Julius Caesar and the subsequent transition from a republic to an empire, Rome once again saw a change in its name. The Romans referred to their city as “Urbs Aeterna”, meaning “Eternal City.” This name captured Rome’s status as a center of power and influence that would stand the test of time.

During this period, Rome reached its peak as an empire, expanding its territories across Europe, Africa, and Asia. The city became synonymous with grandeur, architecture, and culture.

The Byzantine Era: Constantinople or New Rome?

In 330 AD, Emperor Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Byzantium (present-day Istanbul), renaming it “Constantinopolis” after himself. This decision led to debates about whether Constantinople or Rome should be considered the true capital of the empire.

Rome continued to be referred to as “Urbs Aeterna” during this time. However, some Byzantines preferred calling it “Nova Roma”, meaning “New Rome,” highlighting their claim that Constantinople had surpassed the original capital in importance.

The Middle Ages: The Papal City

During the Middle Ages, when Rome fell under papal control, it gained yet another name – “Civitas Leonina”. This name referred specifically to Vatican City and its surrounding areas. It highlighted the spiritual significance of Rome as the center of Catholicism and home to the Pope.

Rome Today

Today, Rome is known simply as “Roma.” Its ancient history, architectural wonders, and cultural heritage continue to captivate visitors from around the world. As you wander through the streets of this magnificent city, take a moment to reflect on its rich past and the various names it has been called throughout history.

In conclusion, Rome has been known by several names throughout its long history. From its humble beginnings as “Roma” to its glorious days as the “Urbs Aeterna,” each name reflects a different era and aspect of Rome’s significance. Whether you refer to it as “Roma” or “Rome,” there is no denying that this city holds a special place in both ancient and modern history.