The concept of the Fourth Rome is rooted in the historical transformation of the capital of the Roman Empire. The title “Third Rome” was first used to describe Moscow by the Russian monk Filofei in 1523, following the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. But what exactly is meant by the Fourth Rome?
The First Rome
The First Rome refers to the city of Rome itself, which was the center of power and civilization during the time of the Roman Republic and later, as the capital of the Roman Empire. It was a hub of culture, architecture, law, and military might.
The Second Rome
After centuries of dominance, internal conflicts, and external pressures contributed to the decline and eventual fall of Rome in 476 AD. However, much of its culture and influence survived through its eastern half known as Byzantium or Constantinople.
Emperor Constantine I established Constantinople as a new capital in 330 AD due to its strategic location between Europe and Asia. This move ensured that Christianity would continue to flourish in a Christianized empire.
The Third Rome
In 1453 AD, Constantinople finally fell to Mehmed II and his Ottoman forces, marking an end to centuries-long Byzantine rule. This event had a significant impact on Eastern Orthodox Christians who viewed themselves as heirs to both Roman and Byzantine legacies.
Filofei’s declaration that Moscow had become the Third Rome was an attempt to position Russia as not only a political but also a religious successor to both Rome and Byzantium. This claim was reinforced by various Russian rulers who sought to consolidate their power and legitimacy by associating themselves with this idea.
The Fourth Rome
However, with time passing, the idea of the Third Rome lost its prominence and significance. The concept of the Fourth Rome emerged in the 16th century, as a response to the decline of Moscow as a political center and the rise of other European powers.
Unlike previous claims, which were based on political or religious circumstances, the Fourth Rome is more symbolic in nature. It represents the idea that any great city can inherit the legacy and responsibilities of being the center of civilization and culture.
Criteria for a Fourth Rome
Several cities have been considered potential candidates for being a Fourth Rome throughout history. However, none have fully assumed this title due to various factors such as geopolitical changes or cultural shifts.
- St. Petersburg: Founded by Peter the Great, it served as Russia’s capital from 1712 to 1918.
It was planned as a “window to Europe” and reflected Western influences in its architecture and cultural development.
- New York City: Often referred to as “The Capital of the World,” New York City has become a global economic, cultural, and political powerhouse. Its status as a melting pot of different cultures and its influence on various industries make it a strong contender.
- Rome itself: Some argue that Rome could reclaim its status as the Fourth Rome due to its historical significance, architectural wonders, and global influence through Catholicism.
In conclusion, while there have been claims and contenders for the title of Fourth Rome throughout history, no city has fully assumed this role. The concept remains more symbolic than practical. Nevertheless, these discussions highlight how cities can become centers of power, culture, and civilization at different points in history.