What Was the Paris Commune During the French Revolution?

By Robert Palmer

The Paris Commune was a revolutionary government that ruled Paris from March 18 to May 28, 1871. It was formed in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War and the fall of Napoleon III’s Second Empire.

Background

After the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War, a provisional government was established in Paris. However, this government was seen as weak and ineffective by many Parisians, who were angry at the surrender of France to Germany.

On March 18, 1871, a group of radical socialists and anarchists seized control of the city hall in Paris and proclaimed the establishment of the Commune. They called for a new society based on workers’ self-management and direct democracy.

Key Features

The Paris Commune was characterized by its radicalism and its commitment to social justice. It abolished conscription and the death penalty, introduced free education for all children, and established a system of workers’ cooperatives.

The Commune also implemented measures to improve the lives of women. It allowed women to participate in public life, including politics and education. Women were also granted equal pay for equal work.

End of the Commune

The French government reacted violently to the establishment of the Commune. In May 1871, government troops entered Paris with overwhelming force. After a week-long battle, they succeeded in retaking control of the city.

The aftermath of this conflict was brutal. Thousands of Communards were executed or imprisoned without trial. The repression continued for years afterward.

Legacy

Despite its short-lived existence, the Paris Commune had a lasting impact on European politics. It inspired socialist movements around Europe and contributed to the development of Marxist theory.

In France, it remained an important symbol for left-wing activists throughout much of the twentieth century. Its memory was kept alive by the French Communist Party and other left-wing groups.

Conclusion

The Paris Commune was a remarkable experiment in radical democracy and social justice. Although it ultimately failed, its legacy has continued to inspire generations of activists and thinkers.