The Romans were known by different names before the establishment of Rome as we know it today. Let’s delve into the fascinating history of this ancient civilization.
Pre-Roman Times
The region which eventually became Rome was inhabited by various indigenous communities before the rise of the Roman Empire. These early settlers had their own distinct identities and did not refer to themselves as Romans.
The Latins
One of the earliest groups inhabiting the region were the Latins. They were an Italic tribe who settled in central Italy, primarily in the area around modern-day Rome. The Latin language and culture played a significant role in shaping Roman society.
The Etruscans
Prior to the ascendancy of Rome, a powerful civilization known as the Etruscans dominated large parts of Italy. They had a sophisticated society and exerted considerable influence over the nascent Roman state. The Romans adopted several aspects of Etruscan culture, including religious practices, architecture, and even elements of their language.
The Birth of Rome
According to legend, Rome was founded on April 21st, 753 BCE by Romulus and Remus, twin brothers raised by a she-wolf. This mythical tale reflects the origins of Rome as a small village that gradually grew into a powerful city-state.
The Roman Kingdom
In its early years, Rome was ruled by kings who held varying degrees of power. The seven legendary kings are believed to have reigned between 753 BCE and 509 BCE when Rome transitioned into a republic.
The Roman Republic
The establishment of the Roman Republic marked an important turning point in Roman history. Power shifted from monarchy to elected officials known as senators. The republic lasted for nearly five centuries, during which Rome expanded its territory through a series of conquests.
The Roman Empire
Following the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE, a period of civil war ensued. Out of this turmoil emerged Octavian, who later became known as Augustus Caesar.
Under his rule, Rome transformed into an empire in 27 BCE. The Roman Empire reached its peak during the reign of Trajan in the 2nd century CE and gradually declined before eventually falling in 476 CE.
The Evolution of the Name
As Rome grew in prominence and power, its citizens began identifying themselves as Romans. This collective identity superseded their previous affiliations with regional tribes or communities.
Roman Citizens
During the Roman Republic and Empire, those who were granted Roman citizenship were referred to as “cives Romani” or Roman citizens. This term encompassed both native Romans and those who acquired citizenship through various means such as military service or imperial decrees.
Romans Abroad
As the empire expanded across Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, people from diverse backgrounds became part of the Roman Empire. These individuals were not native to Rome but were considered Romans due to their citizenship status. They represented a wide range of cultures and ethnicities but shared a common allegiance to Rome.
In Conclusion
The Romans did not have a specific name before the rise of Rome itself. Instead, they identified with their regional affiliations such as Latins or Etruscans.
However, with the establishment of Rome as a city-state and later an empire, people from various backgrounds adopted the collective identity of being Romans. This identity endured for centuries and played a crucial role in shaping one of the most influential civilizations in history.